Fixing a Broken Piece

 This conversation is reproduced by permission (with some editing out of extraneous information). It is presented as an example of how conducting a critique of your schedule can have dramatic effects on the results of your firing.

 

This is the piece as it came out of the kiln

Picture credit: Ike Garson

 You may have seen the photo I posted of a large copper blue streaky piece that has cracked right across. …  I’m wondering if it would be better trying to bring the 2 pieces together instead of opening up the 2 pieces and inserting frit. I was thinking of firing it with a tack or contour schedule.

This is the crack that developed later through the frit and single layer centre.

Picture credit: Ike Garson

 

I have 4 questions:

A.   Even if I manage to fix it, do you think that fissure line will always be too weak and liable to break off at any point?

Response: The strength of the joint will be dependent on the firing conditions.  To make it strong, the temperature should go to full fuse.  Tack fusing will leave the joint more visible and weaker.  To stop the joint rounding during heat up, you will need to dam the piece tightly to stop the normal expansion of the glass and ensure the glass is forced together during the higher temperatures.

B.     I have some large pieces of clear confetti. Would it benefit using them to bridge the 2 sections from below?

Response: Anything you put on the bottom will have distinct outlines and visibility.  The temperature on the bottom can be 10C or more different from the top surface, which is why you can get crisp lines with the flip and fire technique.

C.    Would clear powder hide the crack or would it always be visible after firing?

Response: Any additions to the top may be less visible, but adding clear powder makes the join more obvious.  You need to use powder of the same colour as the sheet glass.  Since you are using a streaky glass, you can’t use coloured power either as it is very difficult to imitate the steaks even with powders of the same colours. 

More information was given indicating the first contour fuse schedule in Celsisus:

1.  260 730 00.20
2.  FULL 515 00.60
3.  260 150 End

This is the contour schedule I have used many times successfully but never for a piece during this week. 

My critique of the schedule. 

Segment 1.

·        It is too fast for the small distance to the side of the kiln. 

·        It is too fast for a piece of varying thicknesses. Most expansion breaks occur below 300˚C, so a soak at ca.260˚C will help ensure the glass maintains an even temperature, especially with large differences in thickness. Then you can advance more quickly. 

·        There is no bubble squeeze.

·        The top temperature seems low for a good tack, or the soak is a bit short.  Long soaks allow the glass molecules to bind at the atomic level firmly. This is the principle used in pate de verre.

·        It definitely needs to be on fibre paper covered with thinfire to allow air out.

Segment 2.

·        The soak at 515˚C is better done at 482˚C for Bullseye.

·        My tests have shown that contour firing a piece like this at rates and holds for 1.5 times the height of the piece is necessary for good results.

Segment 3.

·        Also, my tests have shown that a three-stage cooling provides the best result.  Slow cooling keeps the glass within the 5°C difference required for avoiding stress.

·        Annealing at the bottom end of the range combined with an appropriate length of soak and slow cooling gives a denser glass than soaking at the middle of the annealing range. 

·        The best cooling comes from a three-stage cooling process.  This involves a slow rate for the first 55C, a rate of 1.8 times this for the second 55C, and a rate of 3 times this for the final cool to room temperature. 

These points mean that I would recommend you fire for at least 10mm thick.  This recommendation is for a new piece, not a repair. In this repair case and for the conditions, I would choose 12mm as being more cautious. My schedule would look something like:

1. 120˚C to 260˚C, 20’
2. 300˚C to top temperature, 10’
3. Full to 482˚C, 120’
4. 20˚C to 427˚C,0’
5. 36˚C to 370˚C, 0’
6. 120˚C to room temperature, off

The anneal soak is for a piece 12mm thick.  The cool rates are for 21mm thick.  This is to compensate for the nearness of the glass to the edge of the kiln.  It will help to ensure the glass does not have excess stress locked into the piece during the cooling. 

D. Do you think this schedule would work [for a repair]? It's adapted from a standard tack schedule.

• 1. 222 677 00.30
• 2. 222 515 00.40
• 3. FULL 482 01.30
• 4. 63 371 ENDS

 

Critique of the re-firing schedule.

Segment 1. 

·        Too fast given earlier difficulties. 

·        Too low for good adhesion unless you use about 10 hours soak. 

·        Even at sintering temperature (690°C) you would need 2 hours.  But at sintering temperature you do not alter the surface 

Segment 2. 

·        Too slow a cool from top temperature and risks devitrification. Should be FULL.

·        You do not need the soak at 515˚C.  It only delays the annealing process.  It seems this idea of soaking at the upper portion of the annealing range was introduced by Spectrum over 2 decades ago. 

·        Any advantage that might be achieved by the higher soak is cancelled by the FULL rate to the annealing soak. 

·        Go straight to the anneal soak. 

Segment 3. 

·        You need a more controlled 3 stage cooling to get the best result.

 

My schedule for repair would look something like this:

1. 120˚C to 540˚C, 10’
2. 300˚C to 780˚C, 10’
3. Full to 482˚C, 210’
4. 20˚C to 427˚C,0’
5. 36˚C to 370˚C, 0’
6. 120˚C to room temperature, off

I am making the assumption that 780˚C is full fuse in your kiln.  Anything less than full fuse will certainly show the crack. 

A Look at Causes.

·     The piece is far enough away from the elements.  It is not on the floor. These are not the causes.

·     It is very near the sides of the kiln.  These are always cooler than the centre. There is always a risk of breaking in this case.  Very slow rates are needed. 

·     There is a 3.5 times difference in thickness within the piece. This also requires slow rates.

·     If the break were to have been on the heat up these elements of uneven heating, and rapid rates are a problem.  But the break occurred after the cool down. So, the annealing soak and cool is a problem. 

·     I have suggested some alterations to the schedules to address these things.

 

Fixing for Yourself

·        Dam it tightly to avoid expansion within the glass as it heats.  This holds the join together and causes the glass to gain a little height during the firing. 

·        Place the piece on 1mm or thicker fibre paper topped with thinfire.  This will help avoid a bubble forming in the clear.

·        I have suggested a schedule which is slower to ensure no further breaks.  It is slow to the strain point and fast after that. 

·        It needs to be a full fuse to fully join the two pieces and ensure it is sound.

·        The cool to annealing should be FULL.  Eliminate the soak in the upper annealing range. The effects of the time spent there is nullified by the rapid rate to the main annealing soak. 

·        Anneal as for 12mm, but with slower cool rates (for 21mm) to ensure there are no stresses built into the piece by the nearness of the glass to the edge of the kiln.

·        These methods and schedules will make it a strong whole.  But the join will still show on the bottom. 

·        After fixing, if you are still not satisfied, break it up for incorporation in other projects.

Finally, and unfortunately, I do not think it can be satisfactorily repaired for a client.  The crack will show on the back. You will know it is a repair, rather than a whole. And that will reflect on your feeling about the piece, and possibly your reputation. 

Conclusion

The commission was successfully re-made from scratch by the artist using some of my suggestions on scheduling. This is the resulting piece.

 

Picture credit: Ike Garson

 

Careful analysis of the conditions around a break are important to making a successful piece in the future. Many factors were considered, but the focus became the schedule. Analysis of each step of the schedule led to changes that resulted in a successful piece with the original vision and new materials.