These are the carriers that give "tooth" to the paints and are water-based or oil-based.
Common water-based media are:
- water & gum arabic,
- wine,
- sugar water,
- vinegar
Common oil-based media are:
- clove oil,
- lavender oil,
- damar varnish
Binders
Gum arabic
This natural gum (also called gum acacia) is a substance that is taken from two sub-Sharan species of the acacia tree, Acacia senegal and Acacua seyal. It is used primarily in the food industry as a stabiliser, but has had more varied uses in the past, including viscosity control in inks. For artists it is the traditional binder used in watercolour paint. It is sold in powder and liquid forms.
Dammar gum
This is obtained from the Dipterocarpaceae family of trees in India and East Asia, principally those of the genera Shorea, Balanocarpus, or Hopea. Most dammar gum is produced by tapping trees, however some is collected in fossilised form from the ground. The gum varies in colour from clear to pale yellow, while the fossilised form is grey-brown. It is used in foods, as a glazing agent, in the making of incense, varnishing and in other processes. Dammar was first introduced as a picture varnish in 1826 and is commonly referred to as Damar varnish
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