Characteristics of materials
Ceramic
Ceramic drape mould from Creative Glass Guild |
Ceramic drape mould from Creative Glass Guild |
Posted Krista Grayson on Dec 1, 2021
The study of biomaterials — substances that are engineered to interact with biological systems for medical purposes — is a relatively new field, but one that has already produced a number of valuable discoveries and treatments.
Over the last few decades, the field has grown rapidly; and, with it, the list of new terms used to describe biomedical devices and materials. In this article, we take a look at two of the most common adjectives in the field, bioactive and biocompatible, and how they are used to describe a range of highly specialized materials.
Essentially, the term biocompatible is used to describe any material which is well-tolerated by the biological system it comes into contact with. At a minimum, most biocompatible materials are chemically inert. In practice, biocompatibility for a given application may depend on any number of other characteristics such as mechanical strength, elastic modulus, or adhesion with the surrounding cellular matrix. It is important to note that biocompatibility is application-specific: a material that is deemed biocompatible in one specific use case may not be biocompatible in another.
Bioactive materials go a step further – these are materials that produce some kind of local physiological response, typically through physical or chemical action. A common example of a bioactive material is bioactive glass: typically silicate-based glass-ceramic materials that are often degradable within the body. Used for bone repair, ion exchange at the surface of bioactive glass leads to the formation of bone-like hydroxyapatite, around which natural bone will readily grow.1 In this way, bioactive glass can actively stimulate the regeneration of bone within a patient.
The term “bioactive” is the opposite of “bioinert”, a word that refers to materials that don’t produce a physiological reaction.
If we had to pick “official” definitions of “biocompatible” and “bioactive”, it would probably be those offered by The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), a world authority on standardized scientific nomenclature.2
Bioactive: “Qualifier for a substance which provokes any response from a living system”. IUPAC also notes that the term is often used positively, i.e., to reflect a beneficial change.
Biocompatibility: “The ability to be in contact with a living system without producing an adverse effect.”
These definitions seem simple enough, but there are some subtleties that often cause confusion. These can be cleared up by thinking about how we apply the terms to a very familiar medical device: a contact lens.
Modern contact lenses are made from soft, inert synthetic polymers known as silicone hydrogels. Silicone hydrogel contact lenses are wettable, permeable to oxygen, and cause minimal irritation to the tissues of the eye. We can confidently say, then, that modern contact lenses are highly biocompatible when used properly.
But is a contact lens bioactive? Although a contact lens modifies the light as it enters the eye (resulting in improved vision), the contact lens does not produce a local physiological response with the eye tissue. Thus, we can’t refer to an ordinary contact lens as bioactive.
Note also that “biocompatible” is typically used only in reference to materials, while the term “bioactive” is used to refer to materials or drugs. So, a drug that is tolerated well and without negative side effects would not typically be described as “biocompatible” even though it meets the IUPAC definition.
The mechanisms by which bioactivity can occur are numerous and often complex.3 Attempts to engineer bioactive materials often involve emulating intra-cellular signaling, using coatings of proteins or peptides to modulate cell interactions.
There are also many bioactive materials – largely within the category of bioactive glasses and ceramics – which produce a local physiological response through the exchange of simple ions such as silver, fluoride, and calcium.4 These “therapeutic ions” can activate, inhibit or enhance a huge array of cellular pathways, resulting in effects such as antibacterial activity, and stimulation of bone and blood vessel formation.
As research continues and scientists learn more about how different materials can influence cellular processes, we can expect more biocompatible and bioactive materials to find their way into mainstream medical treatment.
Mo-Sci has extensive experience in the manufacture of bioactive glasses. We produce standard compositions, such as 45S5, S53P4, and 13-93, and can also research, develop, and manufacture glass that is customized to fit your application. Contact us to see how we can help with your next product.
Posted Krista Grayson on Aug 26, 2021
Milling is an effective top-down process for producing glass powders with particle sizes ranging from nanoscale to micron-size. This article provides a guide to the various types of milling processes used by Mo-Sci to produce our range of specialty glass powders.
Alongside microspheres and ingots, one of the primary forms in which Mo-Sci provides glass is as a powder. Powdered glass has numerous applications throughout research and industry. For example, glass nanofillers offer unique advantages in developing composite materials for medical and dental prosthetics.1,2 Such composites are not only incredibly strong, but exhibit superior biocompatibility due to their surface roughness, hydrophobicity, and chemical inertness.
While glass powders and nanofillers can be produced via “bottom-up” methods such as the sol-gel process, such techniques are not always practical, especially when producing glass particles with complex compositions.3 In these situations, a “top-down” solution is preferred: larger particles of glass can simply be broken down into smaller particles in a process known as milling.
Note that in the world of machining, “milling” has two meanings: it can refer either to grinding (e.g., using a ball mill) or cutting (e.g., using a CNC mill). Here, we’re strictly using the term in the former sense.
A jaw crusher produces the coarsest grind out of any of the processes in this list. Much like a nutcracker, a jaw crusher uses direct application of compressive force between two mechanical “jaws” to fracture solid materials. The jaws are typically arranged vertically so that the gap between them narrows as material falls through the system. The particle size decreases as the material moves down through the crusher. Crushed material escapes through the narrow gap at the bottom between the jaws after it has been processed. Jaw crushers are heavy-duty machines often used for mining and quarry applications, and are suitable for continuous use with materials across a wide range of hardness. Jaw crushers are typically used to process larger fragments of material and are not capable of fine grinding. They may be used as a preliminary step before more controlled grinding in a ball mill or jet mill.
With more precision than a jaw crusher, a hammer mill (or hammer crusher) can crush aggregate material into smaller particles using hammers. Commonly used for processing papers, organic waste, and foodstuffs such as grain and fruit; hammer mills can also be used to produce glass powder. Available in configurations with one or several rows of hammers, hammer mills are high-durability devices capable of coarse grinding.
Ball milling is one of the most commonly used techniques for milling glass, thanks to its adaptability and relatively low cost. A ball mill for glass processing consists of a rotating or vibrating ceramic-lined drum, inside which are a number of balls that act as the grinding medium. These can be made from a variety of hard and durable materials such as alumina or zirconia. Glass is added to the drum, and the continuous impact and attrition between the balls and the glass as the drum rotates breaks the glass down into small particles.
Ball mills are supremely versatile, they exist in a wide range of sizes, can perform wet or dry milling, and can accommodate a wide range of different grinding media. Ball mills are suitable for either batch or continuous processing, and grind size can be controlled by changing the diameter size of the balls. Industrial ball mills may be used to coarsely crush relatively large pieces of material, whereas lab-grade ball mills are capable of finely milling glass to micron level and below. So-called “high energy” ball milling can even be used to reliably grind the material into nanoscale particles.4
Most centrifugal mills lie firmly in the realm of labware. Inside a centrifugal mill, shearing action between a rotor and a fixed sleeve breaks material down in a relatively well-defined manner. High rotational speeds (up to several tens of thousands of RPM) enable fast and finely controlled grinding of small batches of material, often using sieves to enable the extraction of particles with sizes in the tens of microns region.
Another precision piece of equipment, a jet mill uses a high-velocity flow of gas or compressed air to cause glass particles to collide with each other inside a chamber. A process known as cyclonic separation enables particles to leave the gas stream once they have reached a sufficiently small size. Consequently, jet mills can continue milling particles of glass until they reach the desired size, resulting in a glass powder with very little variation in particle size.5 Like ball mills, jet mills are capable of grinding glass powder down to sub-micron particle sizes.
At Mo-Sci, we are experienced in the use of all of these milling methods to produce a wide variety of specialty glass powders, including those made from complex formulations which are difficult to find elsewhere. As well as using different types of mills, we make use of various milling media (such as alumina, zirconia and yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ)), and perform wet milling in water or alcohol to achieve superior results.
To find out more about our capabilities in the specialty glass powders market, get in touch with the Mo-Sci team today.
I came across this just now and think it might have wider relevance. As Patricia says, make a 10-minute space in your day for some inspiration on selling.
From The Design Trust
Do you want to get more sales,
clients or commissions? Of course you do! Grab yourself a nice drink or lunch
for this 'long read'. Today I want to take you through these 6 questions to
help you get more sales, orders & commissions. See it as a short, unexpected 10
minutes mini-marketing course. Full of ideas & inspiration. For free in your inbox. Enjoy! And feel free to pass it on to
other creatives too. Q1: What are you *really* selling? You might think that the answer to
this question is: “My jewellery” or “My
workshops” or ‘My illustrations & prints”. But … people who buy creative
products and services often buy so much more than ‘just a product’! They buy because they want
something really original and unique. A special gift for a special friend or
occasion. To celebrate. To treat themselves! Start to think about your creative
products much more in terms of a 'memory' that they are buying, or a gift
that reminds them of 'friendship' or 'the freedom of the sea'. Focus on the feeling that they want
to get when they are wearing your colourful necklace or give a beautiful
handmade jug with hand-picked wild flowers to a dear friend who is going
through hard times. And even if you are selling
to shops and galleries think about what you are selling to them. They
want to create wonderful displays of emerging or local creatives. They want
to show gorgeous hanging flower pots for the summer and to be 'on trend' and
share on their Instagram feed. They want to have 'wow pieces' for their
window display to lure visitors back into their shop once again. And when you are selling your
creative products & services you are also selling a little bit of
you of course! That doesn't mean we want to know all your secrets or
what you had for breakfast. But your clients want to connect with your
creative lifestyle, they want to know how your environment looks like and how
that inspires you, your values from sustainable gold, or mindfulness, to
Black Lives Matter and how that connects with them as 21st century human
beings and consumers. Especially if they love buying from
small independents and find it important to spend with small creatives like
you! Take action: Brainstorm around what
YOU are really selling. Go beyond the 'what' of your
products and services, and think about the emotions or feelings your ideal
clients have … not just when they are looking to buy, but also when they have
bought your work, when they use it or give it to somebody else. WHY do you create the work you do? Emphasis these stories and
occasions much more in your social media, your images, your product descriptions
and your emails to really connect with the emotional side of buying,
owning and loving creative products & services. Q2: Have you got a plan? Did you set a financial goal at the
start of 2022? Do you know how many sales you want or need this year? Online,
at events, from stockists? We are big fans of financial goals
here at The Design Trust! Why? Because without a goal or
destination that you are aiming for you will just be running around like a
headless chicken or just ‘hoping’ that things will happen and that the
universe will listen to you. I personally don’t believe in that working out
very well … Plus … if you don’t have a
financial goal for your different income streams then you can’t
really create a proper marketing plan either! You will need to know
which products or services you want to focus on for sales, who your clients
are and how much you will charge. Selling £15,- products on Etsy needs a very
different marketing approach than selling £150 necklaces online or at an
event. Of course, this year is very
unpredictable. You might think that there is no
point in creating a plan as it will have to change before you have even
started. You might have had to change your
financial goal for 2022 (we have!). That’s actually perfectly normal!
And at least you are being realistic about what's happening in the world
right now. You are being pro-active. And you will be more in control when you
know what you are aiming for. ·
Juicy goals + do-able actions for yourself and how to make
sure you are in the best mental & physical place to create and work. ·
Juicy goals + do-able actions for your finances, your different
income stream goals, to keep an eye on your costs. ·
Juicy goals + do-able actions for your marketing – with my
expert tips on exactly what marketing activities to do to
get more online sales, event sales, wholesale orders this autumn. ·
Juicy goals + do-able actions for your creative
production. To stop making without thinking about who your ideal clients are
(see below!), your actual costs + what you can charge. If you want to be less
overwhelmed and back in charge then join me for this practical,
thought-provoking planning workshop next Monday (the first
Monday morning of the 2nd half of 2022!). Q3: Who are your ideal clients? And do you know why, when & where
they buy? Do you really know who your dream
clients are? Why they buy your creative products? When they buy? What’s
important to them? What stops them from buying from you? Many creatives find marketing
really difficult and it’s often because they don’t really know who their
dream clients are. They try to sell to anybody, but then fail as it doesn’t appeal
to anybody either! Many creatives rarely think about
their clients when producing new work. Some creatives are even scared of
their clients! Getting to know your ideal clients
at a deeper psychological level can really help you to create
products that people love to buy. It can help you to get more
confident to create more innovative, unique and more well paid work
too. It will help you to connect with the right people who have
similar values and interests as you, boosting your inspiration &
confidence, and then selling, marketing and talking to them will be
so much easier! In exactly two weeks’ time on
Monday 11 July from 10am – 2pm (UK) I am hosting a 4-hour practical workshop
around Dream Clients – to help you to identify, get
to know, approach and wow your ideal clients. Step-by-step you will
find out and get a lot more confident to reach out to them and get sales and
orders. Q4: Are you just selling or actually building relationships? If you don’t really know how
marketing works then it often feels like you are ‘pushing’ people to target
them to become your client. And especially when you start to
get a bit desperate for sales then often it’s very obvious that you are
selling the hard way! Marketing & selling should NOT
be pushy! At The Design Trust we have a
marketing mantra: “People only buy from people they know, like &
trust”. Unless people know what you can do
for them (see Question 1!) and remember your name (so standing out from the
crowd is important!) you will unlikely get any sales. They need to really
fall in love with you these days to get their credit card out. And they need
to trust that you can deliver. Marketing that works (=to get
sales) is based on two principles: 1. Focus on a niche: What are you good
at and who is interested in that? Don’t sell to everybody but really focus
and get to know your ideal clients. 2. Build relationships with your clients, especially if you
are selling unique or less frequently bought purchases, high end work, or
services like craft & design commissions or workshops. People need to
think about their purchase, and that's part of the natural process of buying
from you. Stay in touch and be helpful. Marketing & selling is about
pulling in the right people that love what you do & what you stand
for! Listening to them, taking care of them, creating value for them in
their lives. Get into action: How can you build
your profile, credibility & trust with your ideal clients? How can you
reach out to them and remind them what you really do? (See Question 1 again!) How can your marketing become more
‘educating them’ around your values or creative process? And especially if you are selling
to other businesses, galleries or shops how can you be helpful to them right
now? How can you promote them and highlight them on your website, emails or social
media? Could you offer to do a demonstration or talk? Have you talked to them
about the new work you are developing and have they got the best images to
promote you? Q5: Do you encourage clients to spend more? Offer commissions &
pre-order! This might sound counter-intuitive
but the creatives that are struggling the most right now are those
selling work between £100 - £1,000. Why? Because up to £100 is a gift. Either for
themselves, or for others. And it’s often a quick purchase that they don’t
need to think about too much. There will always be birthdays, weddings or
other special occasions that need lovely, unique creative products! Above £1,000 is the territory of
commissions and higher end unique work. These are often
very special and very personal purchases, for special occasions like wedding
anniversaries, house extensions and even memorials. And many collectors will
keep collecting! (This part of the market has not been impacted that much by
the cost-of-living crises as most of us …) When you are trying to sell work
between £100 - £1,000 then often you are both too expensive (for
people looking for a gift) and too cheap (for people who
want something really unique) at the same time! We are big fans of using
more pre-order options and don’t really understand that not more
creatives are using this opportunity to promote new work to their clients who
then can purchase it for a selected period only at a very special price. The big benefit of pre-ordering is
that you get a far better idea of how much stock to create, which
designs or colours will be more popular and you will be paid upfront! Very
useful indeed for your cashflow and to avoid loads of unsold stock later in
the year. We are even bigger fans of
commissions! These are creatively, financially
and personally great opportunities for creatives to create amazing and really
unique works of art, that push your creative skills, raise your profile, and
really are very meaningful for your clients too. Commissions really can be amazing
for both creatives and their clients. But … we also know that many
creatives do not manage their commissions or their clients very well,
and have trouble setting boundaries, do not charge properly for their
time and expertise, and find it difficult to promote themselves
and their commissions. We recently did some research
around commissions and realised that there is very little advice around this
important topic and income stream. So, we created this brand-new online course Creative
Commissions to help creatives manage commissions
professionally (with loads of templates!), price your commissions properly
and promote yourself too. Creative Commissions is a 2 x half day online course on 14 – 15 July PLUS
we have invited 3 creatives and experts for 3 x 1-hour
interviews too so you can learn from their expertise and as them questions
too. Can’t make this course live? No problem! All the sessions are recorded
and you will have access till the end of 2022 to the course. Q6: Do you encourage repeat business? And finally … something that’s
often overlooked by creatives: your existing or previous clients! Don’t take them for granted. They already know you, like
you, and trust you! So it's often much easier to sell to them. Get into action: Have you heard
about the Pareto principle or the 20/80 effect? It turns
out that about 20% of your sales will come from 80% of your clients! Do you
know who your top clients are? Check your bookkeeping system and see who
those top clients are. Can you get to know them
better? Do you know where they live, what gender they are, how much they spend
and how often they return? If they bought online or at a specific event? Even
simple factual data like that can help you to get to know them, and to
connect with them better. Could you let them know that you
are working on some new work that’s related to what they purchased
before? Hint: Tell them they are the first to know about this new collection
you are launching in September! Have you got an event coming up
near them that they might like to get an invite to? What else would this
client like to buy? Could you give them special
treatment to show that you appreciate their custom? Can you create
exclusive videos showing your creative process, could they get VIP invites
for your Summer Sale, or can you give them free postage & packaging next
time they buy? Making your clients less ‘strangers’ and more human beings is really the
only way to build your business, your ideas, your creativity and your
confidence. And that’s it! The end of your unexpected
mini-marketing course! 6 questions to help you get more sales this
summer. I hope you found it useful and that
you got inspiration to take some action too. And of course we would love to help
you with getting more sales & getting more organised in one of our 3
Summer courses. Looking forward to seeing you. Patricia van den Akker The Design Trust – the online
business school for designers, makers & other creative professionals |
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